Device and method for denoising ocean bottom data

ABSTRACT

Computing device, computer instructions and method for denoising marine seismic data recorded with first and second seismic sensors. The method includes receiving first seismic data recorded with the first sensor in a time-space domain; receiving second seismic data recorded with the second sensor in the time-space domain, calculating with a processor models of the first and second seismic data in a transform domain that is different from the time-space domain; calculating in the transform domain an energy related to a down-going energy based on the models of the first and second seismic data; determining a noise in the transform domain corresponding to the second seismic data based on the calculated energy; reverse transforming the noise from the transform domain into the time-space domain; and denoising the second seismic data by subtracting the noise in the time-space domain from the second seismic data.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

Embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein generally relate tomethods and systems and, more particularly, to mechanisms and techniquesfor removing noise from seismic data recorded underwater by a seismicreceiver.

2. Discussion of the Background

Marine seismic data acquisition and processing generate an image of ageophysical structure (subsurface) under the seafloor. While thisimage/profile does not provide a precise location for oil and gasreservoirs, it suggests, to those trained in the field, the presence orabsence of oil and/or gas reservoirs. Thus, providing a high resolutionimage of the subsurface is an ongoing process for the exploration ofnatural resources, including, among others, oil and/or gas.

A traditional marine system for recording seismic waves is illustratedin FIG. 1, and this system is described in European Patent No. EP 1 217390, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. Inthis document, plural seismic receivers 10 are removably attached to apedestal 12 together with a memory device 14. Plural such receivers aredeployed on the bottom 16 of the ocean. A source vessel 18 tows aseismic source 20 that is configured to emit seismic waves 22 and 24.Seismic waves 22 propagate downward, toward the ocean bottom 16. Afterbeing reflected from a structure 26, the seismic wave (primary) isrecorded (as a trace) by the seismic receiver 10 while the seismic waves24 reflected at the water surface 28 are detected by the receivers 10 ata later time. Since the interface between the water and air is wellapproximated as a quasi-perfect reflector (i.e., the water surface actsas a mirror for the acoustic or seismic waves), the reflected wave 24travels back toward the receiver 10. This reflected wave istraditionally referred to as a ghost wave because this wave is due to aspurious reflection. The ghosts are also recorded by the receivers 10,but with a different polarization and a time lag relative to the primarywave 22. As the primary wave 22 moves in an upward direction toward thereceiver 10, this wave is sometimes called up-going wave-field and asthe ghost 24 moves in a downward direction toward the receiver 10, thiswave is sometimes called down-going wave-field. Thus, in the following,the term up-going wave-field is used interchangeably with the termprimary and the term down-going wave-field is used interchangeably withthe term ghost.

FIG. 1 also shows the receiver 10 being configured to detach from thepedestal 12 and to float to the water surface 28 for collection by acollection boat 30. Based on the data collected by the receiver 10, animage of the subsurface is generated by further analyses of thecollected data.

As discussed above, every arrival of a marine seismic wave at receiver10 is accompanied by a ghost reflection. In other words, ghost arrivalstrail their primary arrival and are generated when an upward-travelingwave is recorded a first time on submerged equipment before beingreflected at the surface-air contact.

The time delay between an event and its ghost depends entirely upon thedepth of the receiver 10 and the wave velocity in water (this can bemeasured and considered to be approximately 1500 m/s). It can be only afew milliseconds for towed streamer data (depths of less than 15 meters)or up to hundreds of milliseconds for deep Ocean Bottom Cable (OBC) andOcean Bottom Node (OBN) acquisitions. The degenerative effect that theghost arrival has on seismic bandwidth and resolution is known. Inessence, interference between primary and ghost arrivals causes notchesor gaps in the frequency content, and these notches cannot be removedwithout the combined use of advanced acquisition and processingtechniques.

Such advanced processing techniques include wave-field separation orwave-field decomposition or deghosting. These techniques requireadvanced data acquisition, i.e., multi-component marine acquisition.Multi-component marine acquisition uses receivers that are capable ofmeasuring at least two different parameters, for example, water pressure(recorded with a hydrophone) and water particle acceleration or velocity(recorded with a geophone or accelerometer). Thus, multi-componentmarine acquisitions deliver, besides a pressure recording P, at least avertical particle velocity (or acceleration) component Z.

However, in OBC data processing, wave-field separation results aresometimes affected by high levels of noise on the vertical component Z,while the pressure component P is generally of good quality.Nonetheless, the Z component is needed to achieve complete pre-stackwave-field separation and also to drive processes such as mirror imagingand up-down deconvolution. Thus, there is a need to attenuate the noiseon the Z component so that the wave-field separation results are notaffected by the noise. Standard denoising techniques either rely on thenoise being random (f-x-deconvolution, projection filtering, etc.) orthat the noise is distinguishable in some other way (e.g., Radondemultiple discrimination on moveout).

For example, Craft, “Geophone noise attenuation and wavefield separationusing multi-dimensional decomposition technique,” 70^(th) EAGEconference, the entire content of which is incorporated herein byreference, uses local time-slowness (tau-p) transforms of the P and Zcomponents in small overlapping windows for different frequency bands.The envelope of the Z energy is matched to the envelope of the P energyfor each window/frequency band before the results are transformed backto the time-space (t-x) domain. It is noted that the seismic data istraditionally recorded in the t-x domain. While this method is effectiveat removing noise which is not present in the P-component, it has thedisadvantage that the Z is scaled in amplitude to look like P, which isundesirable.

Another method is described in Zabihi et al., “Enhanced wavefieldseparation of OBC data,” 73^(rd) EAGE conference and exhibition, theentire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. This methoduses coherency-driven blending of data in the PZ summation process toattenuate noise on the Z-component.

However, the existing methods might not preserve the signal during theprocessing because it is known that any mathematical transformation usedto manipulate the data from one domain to another domain introducesspurious features. In addition, if sparse transforms are not used, theareas of signal and coherent noise may overlap, thus, making itimpossible to isolate the noise. Therefore, there is need of a methodand system that overcome the afore-described drawbacks.

SUMMARY

According to an exemplary embodiment, there is a method for denoisingmarine seismic data recorded with first and second seismic sensors. Themethod includes receiving first seismic data recorded with the firstsensor in a time-space domain; receiving second seismic data recordedwith the second sensor in the time-space domain, wherein the first andsecond seismic data are recorded at the same locations underwater;calculating with a processor models of the first and second seismic datain a transform domain that is different from the time-space domain;calculating in the transform domain an energy related to a down-goingenergy based on the models of the first and second seismic data;determining a noise in the transform domain corresponding to the secondseismic data based on the calculated energy; reverse transforming thenoise from the transform domain into the time-space domain; anddenoising the second seismic data by subtracting the noise in thetime-space domain from the second seismic data.

According to another exemplary embodiment, there is a computing deviceconfigured to denoise marine seismic data recorded with first and secondseismic sensors. The computing device includes an interface configuredto receive first seismic data recorded with the first sensor in atime-space domain and second seismic data recorded with the secondsensor in the time-space domain, wherein the first and second seismicdata are recorded at the same locations underwater; and a processorconnected to the interface. The processor is configured to calculatewith a processor models of the first and second seismic data in atransform domain that is different from the time-space domain, calculatein the transform domain an energy related to a down-going energy basedon the models of the first and second seismic data, determine a noise inthe transform domain corresponding to the second seismic data based onthe calculated energy, reverse transform the noise from the transformdomain into the time-space domain, and denoise the second seismic databy subtracting the noise in the time-space domain from the secondseismic data.

According to still another exemplary embodiment, there is a computerreadable medium including computer executable instructions, wherein theinstructions, when executed by a processor, implement instructions fordenoising marine seismic data recorded with first and second seismicsensors. The instructions correspond to the steps of the methoddisclosed above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments and,together with the description, explain these embodiments. In thedrawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional seismic data acquisitionsystem having plural seismic receivers provided at the ocean bottom;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of a method for denoising Z data according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of recorded P seismic data corresponding to agiven subsurface;

FIG. 4 is an illustration of recorded Z seismic data corresponding tothe given subsurface;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of denoised Z data corresponding to the givensubsurface according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a method for denoising seismic data accordingto an exemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a computing device for denoising dataaccording to an exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description of the exemplary embodiments refers to theaccompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawingsidentify the same or similar elements. The following detaileddescription does not limit the invention. Instead, the scope of theinvention is defined by the appended claims. The following embodimentsare discussed, for simplicity, with regard to seismic data that isprocessed, in a pre-stack step, with sparse Radon transforms. However,the embodiments to be discussed next are not limited to thesetransforms, but they may be extended or used with other mathematicaltransforms.

Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with an embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment of the subject matter disclosed. Thus, the appearance of thephrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various placesthroughout the specification is not necessarily referring to the sameembodiment. Further, the particular features, structures orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

According to an exemplary embodiment, a novel denoising method includesobtaining P and Z components in the tau-p domain, calculating a tau-ptransform of two times a down-going energy D2, evaluating envelopes of Pand D2, calculating a ratio of the envelopes of P and D2, isolatingnoise regions above a specified threshold based on an energy in D2 thatis not present in P, calculating a noise, and subtracting the noise fromthe Z component in the time-space domain.

It is noted that the novel method distinguishes a coherent noise in thevertical geophone recordings (Z) from the signal based on the fact thatthe noise is different in the recordings (P) of the pressure sensor. Asthe noise is generally of limited bandwidth, in one application, a stepof applying a suitable band-pass frequency filter to both the pressureand vertical geophone seismic data before denoising may be appropriate.The band-pass frequency filter helps to ensure preservation of theprimary energy and makes the noise more distinguishable.

The novel method is now discussed with regard to FIG. 2. In FIG. 2,first seismic data recorded with a hydrophone (P₀) and second seismicdata (Z₀) recorded with a geophone (other seismic receiver is alsopossible, e.g., an accelerometer) are received in step 200. The data maybe received directly from a seismic survey or it may be received from athird party, e.g., through a portable storage device. The data isrecorded in the time-space domain, i.e., it includes wavelets recordedat certain positions x (for simplicity only a single space component isused herein; however, three-dimensional data is handled in a similarway) and various times t. The seismic receivers (e.g., hydrophone and/orgeophones) are part of plural ocean bottom nodes. Each node may includea corresponding hydrophone and one or more geophones. Thus, the P₀ andZ₀ data is recorded at the same spatial position. This data may beorganized to form an ocean bottom node gather, i.e., receiver gather.The receiver gather may be three-dimensional (3-D).

The receiver gather may be divided in step 202 into 3-D overlappingspatial windows, and the steps discussed now are performed for eachwindow. The seismic data P₀ and Z₀ is then transformed, in step 204,from the time-space domain into a tau-p domain. In another application,the seismic data is transformed to another domain. The tau-p transformeddata is P₁ and Z₁.

In one application, a 3-D tau-p transform may be applied, separately,for the hydrophone and geophone windows to transform the seismic datainto the tau-p domain. As described above, the 3-D tau-p transformationmay rely on Radon transformation equations to transform data from thetime-space domain to the 3-D tau-p domain. More specifically, the T, Yand Z data may be transformed to tau, Py and Pz along kinematic traveltime trajectories having constant velocities and slownesses, where theslowness p is defined as the reciprocal of velocity (p=1/v).

The tau-p transformed seismic data P₁ and Z₁ is then made sparse (P, Z)in step 206 through weighting using, for example, a method as describedin Trad et al., “Latest views of the sparse Radon transform,”Geophysics, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 386-399, the entire content of which isincorporated herein by reference.

The sparse Radon transforms P and Z are used in step 208 to calculatethe tau-p transform of an energy. The energy may be two times thedown-going energy D2. In one application, the D2 energy is given by:

$\begin{matrix}{{{D\; 2} = {P + \frac{Z}{v_{w}\sqrt{\frac{1}{v_{w}^{2}} - p^{2}}}}},} & (1)\end{matrix}$where D2 is the tau-p transform of two times the down-going energy, P isthe tau-p transform of the pressure wave-field, Z is the tau-p transformof the vertical geophone wave-field, v_(W) is the speed of sound inwater (m/s), and p is the slowness of tau-p trace (s/m). The down-goingtransform D2 is used to improve the signal-preserving behavior byremoving the up-going energy.

In step 210, an envelope of the P transform (env(P))) and an envelope ofthe D2 transform (env(D2)) are calculated. The envelopes may bedetermined using any suitable method, such as envelope calculationdescribed in Taner et al., “Complex seismic trace analysis,” Geophysics,44, pp. 1041-1063, herein incorporated by reference. One example ofenvelope calculation is a Hilbert transform. The polarity-insensitiveenvelope may make use of the hydrophone envelope as the most noise-freetemplate possible in subsequent steps. Then, in step 212, aratio=env(D2)/env(P) is determined. Based on the computed enveloperatio, regions of energy above a specified threshold are identified andused in step 214 to define noise regions, i.e., energy that is presentin D2 but is not present in P.

Once the noise regions have been isolated in step 214, scalars arecomputed which can be applied to the Z transform to derive a noise modelin step 216. After the noise model is derived in step 216 for a window,the algorithm returns to step 204 for repeating the steps noted abovefor another spatial window until most of the windows are considered. Inone application, it can be advantageous to derive scalars that taper onfrom a low threshold to a high threshold, i.e., threslo and threshi.These thresholds vary from application to application. The scalars aregiven by:

${{Noise}\mspace{14mu}{estimate}} = {Z\frac{( {{ratio} - {threslo}} )}{{threshi} - {threslo}}( {1 - \frac{1}{ratio}} )v_{w}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{v_{w}^{2}} - p^{2}}.}}$

The noise model for each window is then reverse tau-p transformed andaggregated in a single noise model in step 218. After the operationsdescribed above have been performed for all of the correspondinghydrophone and geophone windows, all or a portion of the hydrophonewindows may be combined, and all or some of the geophone windows may becombined to form a more complete view of the seismic data from aparticular gather. Overlaps between the windows may be managed to nothave an effect on the combinations. The combined processed windows maybe output to any suitable medium for further data processing or display,such as a computer monitor or a printer.

In the same or different step, the calculated noise model in thetime-space domain can be subtracted from the input Z₀ data (also in thetime-space domain) to denoise this data. Having the data denoised,dedicated software is run on one or more processors for generating animage of the subsurface that was surveyed. It is noted that the datacollected by the nodes discussed above is processed by a computingdevice modified with specific software instructions so that an image ofthe subsurface may be generated. The amount of data may be large, e.g.,on the order of terabytes and, thus, it makes it impractical if notimpossible for a person to process this data in his mind. Thus, anyprocessing claim, if present in this application, is related to computerprocessing and is not intended to cover mental acts of data processing.

Therefore, the novel processing method discussed above, instead ofscaling the envelope of Z to the envelope of P as traditionallyperformed, which has the drawback of modifying the amplitudes of Z,builds a model of the noise using the down-going energy D2, which hasthe advantage of working with a dataset without primary energy and, assuch, is more signal-preserving.

An aspect related to the noise elimination technique is that it isdesirable to not degrade the signal content. The technique describedabove relies on the fact that as long as the noise and signal areseparated in one of the three dimensions of the tau-p domain, the signalcomponent should be unaffected.

A practical application of the above novel method is now discussed withreference to FIGS. 3-5. P₀ and Z₀ data was collected from a survey asillustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively. After applying the denoisingmethod illustrated in FIG. 2, the denoised Z data is obtained asillustrated in FIG. 5. It is noted that the P₀ data of FIG. 3 clearlyshows two events 300 and 302. The same events are contaminated by noisein the corresponding Z₀ data of FIG. 4. However, the events are moreclearly visible in the denoised Z data shown in FIG. 5 as events 500 and502, and most of the noise has been removed.

The novel method discussed above may be implemented in a computingdevice as discussed later. According to an exemplary embodimentillustrated in FIG. 6, there is a method for denoising marine seismicdata recorded with first and second seismic sensors. The method includesa step 600 of receiving first seismic data recorded with the firstsensor in a time-space domain; a step 602 of receiving second seismicdata recorded with the second sensor in the time-space domain, whereinthe first and second seismic data is recorded at the same locationunderwater; a step 604 of calculating in a processor sparse transforms(or a model) of the first and second seismic data in a domain that isdifferent from the time-space domain; a step 606 of calculating in thedomain an energy related to a down-going energy based on the sparsetransforms of the first and second seismic data; a step 608 ofdetermining the noise in the domain based on the calculated energy; astep 610 of reverse-transforming the noise in the time-space domain; anda step 612 of denoising the second seismic data by subtracting the noisein the time-space domain from the second seismic data.

An example of a representative computing device capable of carrying outoperations in accordance with the exemplary embodiments discussed aboveis illustrated in FIG. 7. Hardware, firmware, software or a combinationthereof may be used to perform the various steps and operationsdescribed herein.

The exemplary computer device 700 suitable for performing the activitiesdescribed in the exemplary embodiments may include server 701. Such aserver 701 may include a central processor unit (CPU) 702 coupled to arandom access memory (RAM) 704 and to a read-only memory (ROM) 706. TheROM 706 may also be other types of storage media to store programs, suchas programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), etc. The processor702 may communicate with other internal and external components throughinput/output (I/O) circuitry 708 and bussing 710, to provide controlsignals and the like. The processor 702 carries out a variety offunctions as are known in the art, as dictated by software and/orfirmware instructions.

The server 701 may also include one or more data storage devices,including hard disk drives 712, CD-ROM drives 714, and other hardwarecapable of reading and/or storing information such as a DVD, etc. In oneembodiment, software for carrying out the above-discussed steps may bestored and distributed on a CD-ROM or DVD 716, removable media 718 orother form of media capable of portably storing information. Thesestorage media may be inserted into, and read by, devices such as theCD-ROM drive 714, the drive 712, etc. The server 701 may be coupled to adisplay 720, which may be any type of known display or presentationscreen, such as LCD or LED displays, plasma displays, cathode ray tubes(CRT), etc. A user input interface 722 is provided, including one ormore user interface mechanisms such as a mouse, keyboard, microphone,touch pad, touch screen, voice-recognition system, etc.

The server 701 may be coupled to other computing devices via a network.The server may be part of a larger network configuration as in a globalarea network (GAN) such as the Internet 728.

As also will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the exemplaryembodiments may be embodied in a wireless communication device, atelecommunication network, as a method or in a computer program product.Accordingly, the exemplary embodiments may take the form of an entirelyhardware embodiment or an embodiment combining hardware and softwareaspects. Further, the exemplary embodiments may take the form of acomputer program product stored on a computer-readable storage mediumhaving computer-readable instructions embodied in the medium. Anysuitable computer readable medium may be utilized including hard disks,CD-ROMs, digital versatile discs (DVD), optical storage devices, ormagnetic storage devices such a floppy disk or magnetic tape. Othernon-limiting examples of computer readable media include flash-typememories or other known types of memories.

The disclosed exemplary embodiments provide an apparatus and a methodfor seismic data denoising. It should be understood that thisdescription is not intended to limit the invention. On the contrary, theexemplary embodiments are intended to cover alternatives, modificationsand equivalents, which are included in the spirit and scope of theinvention as defined by the appended claims. Further, in the detaileddescription of the exemplary embodiments, numerous specific details areset forth in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of theclaimed invention. However, one skilled in the art would understand thatvarious embodiments may be practiced without such specific details.

Although the features and elements of the present exemplary embodimentsare described in the embodiments in particular combinations, eachfeature or element can be used alone without the other features andelements of the embodiments or in various combinations with or withoutother features and elements disclosed herein.

This written description uses examples of the subject matter disclosedto enable any person skilled in the art to practice the same, includingmaking and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporatedmethods. The patentable scope of the subject matter is defined by theclaims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled inthe art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of theclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for denoising marine seismic datarecorded with first and second seismic sensors, the method comprising:receiving first seismic data recorded with the first sensor in atime-space domain; receiving second seismic data recorded with thesecond sensor in the time-space domain, wherein the first and secondseismic data are recorded at the same locations underwater; calculatingwith a processor models of the first and second seismic data in atransform domain that is different from the time-space domain;calculating in the transform domain an energy related to a down-goingenergy based on the models of the first and second seismic data;determining a noise in the transform domain corresponding to the secondseismic data based on the calculated energy; reverse transforming thenoise from the transform domain into the time-space domain; anddenoising the second seismic data by subtracting the noise in thetime-space domain from the second seismic data.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the first and second seismic data form a three-dimensionalreceiver gather.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applyinga frequency filter to the first and second seismic data to make a noisemore distinguishable and help preserve a primary energy.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein the first seismic data is hydrophone data (P) andthe second seismic data is geophone data (Z).
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the transform domain is a time-slowness (tau-p) domain.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the energy is twice the down-going energy. 7.The method of claim 1, where the energy is twice the down-going energyand it is given by:${{D\; 2} = {P + \frac{Z}{v_{w}\sqrt{\frac{1}{v_{w}^{2}} - p^{2}}}}},$where D2 is a tau-p transform of two times the down-going energy, P is atau-p transform of a pressure wave-field that corresponds to the firstseismic data, Z is a tau-p transform of a vertical geophone wave-fieldthat corresponds to the second seismic data, v_(W) is a speed of soundin water, and p is a slowness of a tau-p trace in the tau-p domain. 8.The method of claim 7, wherein the noise is determined by:${Z\frac{( {{ratio} - {threslo}} )}{{threshi} - {threslo}}( {1 - \frac{1}{ratio}} )v_{w}\sqrt{\frac{1}{v_{w}^{2}} - p^{2}}},$where the ratio is a ratio between an envelope of D2 and an envelope ofP, threshi is an high predetermined threshold and threslo is a lowpredetermined threshold.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:reverse transforming the noise to the time-space domain.
 10. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: generating an image of a subsurfacebeing survey based on the first seismic data and the denoised secondseismic data.
 11. A computing device configured to denoise marineseismic data recorded with first and second seismic sensors, thecomputing device comprising: an interface configured to receive firstseismic data recorded with the first sensor in a time-space domain andsecond seismic data recorded with the second sensor in the time-spacedomain, wherein the first and second seismic data are recorded at thesame locations underwater; and a processor connected to the interfaceand configured to: calculate with a processor models of the first andsecond seismic data in a transform domain that is different from thetime-space domain, calculate in the transform domain an energy relatedto a down-going energy based on the models of the first and secondseismic data, determine a noise in the transform domain corresponding tothe second seismic data based on the calculated energy, reversetransform the noise from the transform domain into the time-spacedomain, and denoise the second seismic data by subtracting the noise inthe time-space domain from the second seismic data.
 12. The computingdevice of claim 11, wherein the first and second seismic data form athree-dimensional receiver gather.
 13. The computing device of claim 11,wherein the processor is further configured to: apply a frequency filterto the first and second seismic data to make a noise moredistinguishable and help preserve a primary energy.
 14. The computingdevice of claim 11, wherein the first seismic data is hydrophone data(P) and the second seismic data is geophone data (Z).
 15. The computingdevice of claim 11, wherein the energy is twice the down-going energy.16. The computing device of claim 11, where the energy is twice thedown-going energy and it is given by:${{D\; 2} = {P + \frac{Z}{v_{w}\sqrt{\frac{1}{v_{w}^{2}} - p^{2}}}}},$where D2 is a tau-p transform of two times the down-going energy, P is atau-p transform of a pressure wave-field that corresponds to the firstseismic data, Z is a tau-p transform of a vertical geophone wave-fieldthat corresponds to the second seismic data, v_(W) is a speed of soundin water, and p is a slowness of a tau-p trace in the tau-p domain. 17.The computing device of claim 16, wherein the noise is determined by:${Z\frac{( {{ratio} - {threslo}} )}{{threshi} - {threslo}}( {1 - \frac{1}{ratio}} )v_{w}\sqrt{\frac{1}{v_{w}^{2}} - p^{2}}},$where the ratio is a ratio between an envelope of D2 and an envelope ofP, threshi is an high predetermined threshold and threslo is a lowpredetermined threshold.
 18. The computing device of claim 17, furthercomprising: reverse transforming the noise to the time-space domain. 19.The computing device of claim 11, further comprising: a monitorconfigured to display an image of a subsurface being survey based on thefirst seismic data and the denoised second seismic data.
 20. Anon-transitory computer readable medium including computer executableinstructions, wherein the instructions, when executed by a processor,implement instructions for denoising marine seismic data recorded withfirst and second seismic sensors, the instructions comprising: receivingfirst seismic data recorded with the first sensor in a time-spacedomain; receiving second seismic data recorded with the second sensor inthe time-space domain, wherein the first and second seismic data arerecorded at the same locations underwater; calculating with a processormodels of the first and second seismic data in a transform domain thatis different from the time-space domain; calculating in the transformdomain an energy related to a down-going energy based on the models ofthe first and second seismic data; determining a noise in the transformdomain corresponding to the second seismic data based on the calculatedenergy; reverse transforming the noise from the transform domain intothe time-space domain; and denoising the second seismic data bysubtracting the noise in the time-space domain from the second seismicdata.